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Prussian carp

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Prussian carp
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cypriniformes
Family: Cyprinidae
Subfamily: Cyprininae
Genus: Carassius
Species:
C. gibelio
Binomial name
Carassius gibelio
(Bloch, 1782)
Synonyms[1]
  • Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch, 1782)
  • Carassius auratus gibelio natio vovkii Johansen, 1945
  • Carassius bucephalus Heckel, 1837
  • Carassius ellipticus Heckel, 1848
  • Carassius vulgaris kolenty Dybowski, 1877
  • Carassius vulgaris ventrosus Walecki, 1863
  • Cyprinus gibelio Bloch, 1782

The Prussian carp, silver Prussian carp or Gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) is a member of the family Cyprinidae, which includes many other fish, such as the common carp, goldfish, and the smaller minnows. It is a medium-sized cyprinid, and does not exceed a weight of 3 kilograms (6.6 lb) and a length of 45 centimetres (18 in). They are usually silver, although other color variations exist. They are omnivorous and feed on plankton, invertebrates, plant material and detritus. Originally from Siberia or central Europe,[2] they have been introduced to and are now inhabiting lakes, ponds, and slow-moving rivers throughout Europe, North America, and Asia.[2][3][4][5]

Prussian carps are a highly invasive fish species in areas outside their native range. They reproduce and spread rapidly. In 2020, scientists demonstrated that a small proportion of fertilized Prussian carp eggs ingested by waterfowl survive passing through the digestive tract and hatch after being retrieved from the feces.[6][7] Birds exhibit strong preference for fish eggs, while cyprinids produce hundreds of thousands of eggs at a single spawning event. These data indicate that despite the low proportion of eggs surviving the digestive tract of birds, endozoochory might provide a potentially overlooked dispersal mechanism of Prussian carps. If proven under natural circumstances, endozoochorous dispersal of invasive fish could be a strong conservation concern for freshwater biodiversity.

Prussian carp are capable of gynogenesis, meaning sperm is required to fertilize their eggs, but the male gamete does not contribute any DNA to the embryo. Females lay eggs and then "steal" sperm from related species.[8] In other words, they are able to reproduce from unfertilized egg.[9]

Description

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An orange colored wild-caught Prussian carp with goldfish-like coloration.
Carassius gibelio illustration

The Prussian carp is a deep-bodied, robust fish which resembles the crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and grows to about 10 to 35 cm (4 to 14 in) in length. Its scales are larger than those of the crucian carp, and it typically has 27 to 32 scales along the lateral line, whereas the crucian carp usually has between 31 and 35. The species is silvery, sometimes with a faint golden tinge, while the crucian carp has a burnished gold appearance. The Prussian carp's tail is more deeply forked than that of the crucian carp.[10]

Video of Prussian carp in Kõrvemaa, Estonia (October 2022)

References

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  1. ^ Bailly, Nicolas (2008). "Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  2. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Carassius gibelio". FishBase. February 2023 version.
  3. ^ "Carassius gibelio". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
  4. ^ "Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-12. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  5. ^ Brykov, Vl. A.; Polyakova, N. E.; Skurikhina, L. A.; Dolganov, S. M.; Eliseikina, M. G.; Kovalev, M. Yu. (2002). "Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Goldfish Carassius auratus gibelio from Far Eastern Water Reservoirs". Russian Journal of Genetics. 38 (10). SpringerLink: 1176–1180. doi:10.1023/A:1020604905154. S2CID 11234180.
  6. ^ "Experiment shows it is possible for fish to migrate via ingestion by birds". phys.org. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  7. ^ Lovas-Kiss, Ádám; Vincze, Orsolya; Löki, Viktor; Pallér-Kapusi, Felícia; Halasi-Kovács, Béla; Kovács, Gyula; Green, Andy J.; Lukács, Balázs András (18 June 2020). "Experimental evidence of dispersal of invasive cyprinid eggs inside migratory waterfowl". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (27): 15397–15399. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11715397L. doi:10.1073/pnas.2004805117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7355035. PMID 32571940.
  8. ^ "Attack of the clones: Sperm-stealing Prussian carp threaten to overwhelm Alberta waterways". CBC. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  9. ^ İlhan, Ali; Sari, Hasan; Kurtul, Irmak; Akçali, Miraç (25 April 2020). "Meriç Nehri Balık Faunasının Güncel Durumu ve Yabancı Türlerin Yerli Türler Üzerindeki Olası Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi". Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research (in Turkish). 6 (1): 75–87. doi:10.17216/limnofish.504512.
  10. ^ "Prussian carp: Carassius gibelio". NatureGate. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
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